HOW TO MAKE
· TOOTHPASTE
· NAIL POLISH REMOVER
· INSECT REPELLANT CREAM
· SHOE POLISH
· CANDLE
TOOTH-PASTE TECHNOLOGY
INTRODUCTIO: Toothpaste is a dentifrice. It is used by people for
Cleaning the teeth as well as for dental hygiene. Increasing awareness has
made toothpaste almost a household item unlike before when the
product was regarded as the exclusive reserve of the upper and middle
class in the society. Today almost everybody both in cities, towns and
towns and even villages use toothpaste.
RAW MATERIALS: The ingredients for the production of toothpaste are
classified as follows:
(a) Abrasives: These are used for scrubbing stubborn dirt or stains on the teeth away. They include silica, talc, calcium carbonate (precipitated), magnesium carbonate or sulphate, calcium phosphate etc.
(b) Cleaning Agents: The cleansers wash of dirt and stains through their soapy properties. Examples are sodium Lauryl sulphate, Neutral Soap etc.
(c) Foaming Materials: Foam formers aid cleaning. Common ones are sodium lauryl sulphate, sodium phosphate etc.
(d) Sweetening Agents: Sorbitol, sodium saccharin, glycerine etc. are used.
(e) Preservatives: These are used to prolong the shelf life of the product. Examples are sodium citrate, sodium benzoate, menthol, methyl paraben and others.
(f) Tooth Builders: Sodium monofluorophosphate provides the fluoride neede to fight tooth decay in the paste, clcium glucophosphate and other edible calcium salt provide calcium for strong tooth. They are essential in the product. Herbal alternatives are also well accepted in the market.
(g) Flavours: For good taste it is necessary to add flavours such as peppermint oil, eucalyptus oil and other essential oils.
(h) Colourants: These are added to make the paste look good. They are white, blue, green, red, orange colourants that can be used.
(i) Solvent: Water is employed in mixing the ingredients.
(j) Others: Parafin oil, glycerine etc. are sometimes added to promote easy flow from the tube. They act as lubricants.
It must be noted that all ingredients must be of food grade.
EQUIPMENT/TOOLS: various machines are available in the market for the production of toothpaste, however, the choice normally depends on the types of raw materials to be used and capital available.
The following are common machine/tools available to the investor in the Nigerian market.
(a) Stainless steel steam jacketed kettle with stirrer.
(b) Stainless milling machine
(c) Homogeniser
(d) Planetary mixer
(e) Tube filler
(f) Weighing scale
(g) Storage tanks
(h) Miscellaneous laboratory tools etc.
It is essential for a chemical technologist or Engineer to be involved in
design of local machines.
PRODUCTION PROCESS: The process of toothpaste making essentially have
to follow the formulation provided in order to obtain good result.
(a) FORMULATION: There are many formulations available. However, the following factors need to be considered in choosing the type to be utilized.
These factors include:
(i) Availability of production materials
(ii) Cost (economics) of production
(iii) End-users requirements (Quality). It is essential that the quality meets the Nigeian Dental Association specifications.
(iv) Ease of production (method of production).
A typical formulation based on the factors above is given below:
(1) Silica 14% or
(2) Precipitated calcium car
A typical formulation based on the factors above is given below:-
1. Silica or others, see No 2 - 14% or
2. Precipitated calcium carbonate - 30-35%
3. Calcium G>P - 0.4%
4. Glycerine - 15%
5. SCMC - 0.5%
6. Sodium lauryl suphate - 1-2%
7. Sorobitol or sodium saccharin - Q-S.
8. Peppermint oil - 1%
9. Sodium monofluorophosphate or others - 1-1.5%
10. Colour - Q.S.
11. Water - To 100%]
NOTE: Q.S: Means sufficient quantity or As Required.
Other formulations that are also in use are given below:
MIXING: All the materials (edible grades) needed for the production are
carefully weighedout using the scale in separate clean containers. The
neutral soap (SLS), sorbitol, sodium monofluorophosphate, part of the
water plus the SCMC are mixed well in the mixer. Peppermint is next
added and the abrasive follows.
The materials are thoroughly mixed to give a homogenous paste.
Other materials needed and the balance water are added and mixed.
The mixture is allowed to stand for a considerable time (about two days)
if a homogenous blend is not obtained, after 2 days a further mixing is
done before filling the paste through a filler into collapsible tubes. It may
be necessary to mill the product in a miller. The product should conform
to specifications laid down by NAFDAC.
HYGIENE: It is very important that all the items involved in toothpaste
production must be very clean. The premises, the shopfloor, machines,
tools, workers, packaging, etc. must as a matter of rule be very hygienic.
PRODUCTION NOTES:
It is preferable to use mixers that have variable speed. This is necessary
due to the fact that at higher speed when the foaming agents are
already added, foaming can become a problem. Due to this the lowest
speed possible is used in mixing ones the forming agents are added.
Toothpaste production requires the setting up of a quality control unit
to ensure that products meet statutory specifications.
This can be initially done through public or private analytical laboratories
in the country.
OTHER STANDARD FORMULATIONS
(i) Gel Type:
Dicalcium Phosphate - 41%
Glycerine - 32%
S.C.M.C. - 0.9%
Sodium saccharin - 0.1% (Q.S)
Sodium lauryl sulphate - 1.4%
Colourant - Q.S.
Water (softened or distille) - To 100% (24.6%)
NOTE: 0.2% of methyl paraben and about 1.0% of appropriate flavour
can be added as desired.
PROCEDURE: Dissolve sodium saccharin and SLS in enough water. Add the
SCMC slowly with gentle stirring, add colour, mix and leave the mixture to
stand over night (24 hours). Mix the methyl paraben with glycerine and
keep. Mix the SCMC and glycerine mixtures then add the dicacium
phosphate a little at a time and mix thoroughly after each addition.
Finally add the flavour and mill in a milling machine.
(2) White Scouring Type
Diacalcium mphosphate - 35%
Calcium carbonate - 14%
Glycerine - 20%
Gum Tragacanth - 1.2%
Sodium saccharin - Q.S (0.1%)
Sodium lauryl sulphate - 10%
Water (Dist. or Softened) - To 100% (19.8%)
Add 0.2% methyl paraben and 1% flavour (optional)
PROCEDURE: Dissolve the sodium saccharine and SLS in the water
(enough). Dissolve methyl paraben in the glycerine and dissolve the gum
tragacanth in the glycerine mixture to form a paste free of lumps. Add
the SLS solution slowly with stirring to the tragacanth paste. Add the
dicacium phosphate a little at a time, mixing thoroughly after each
addition. Mill in a milling machine if necessary.
NOTE:
Quality control standards are as specified by NAFDAC.
Percentage (%) means per 100 weight. Example 35% means 35kg in a total
Batch of 100 kg. 100% means 100.
PRODUCTION OF NAIL POLISH REMOVER & NAIL GLUE REMOVER
INTRODUCTION: The nail paint (polish) and glue removers are a
combination of strong but safe solvents for the purpose of removing nail
paints, polish, hardener and other nail coatings. It comes in clear to
amber or other colours. Some are perfumed.
SCOPE OF USAGE: As economic and social life improve, more people get more conscious
of their body make ups. Most adult women use and reuse nail decorations and as such use nail
paint removers along with these decorators. It is estimated that over 40% of the female adult
population in Nigeria use nail coatings and coating removers. This puts the market at the
disposal of the few manufacturers of the products in Nigeria.
RAW MATERIALS REQUIREMENT
The needed raw materials are:
1. Acetone or M.E.K as active ingredient
2. Ethyl Acetate as alternative to (a) above
3. Buthyl Acetate as for glue remover
4. Buthyl Acetate as alternative to (c) above
5. Glycerine as gloss agent
6. Waterr as filler for low grades.
7. Colourant (oil basetype), optional
8. Perfume (oil base type), optonal.
All these inputs are readily available in our local chemical shops even at retail.
EQUIPMENTS & TOOLS REQIREMENT
Due to the strong nature of the needed raw materials, all containers for processing these products should be stainless steel or plastic tanks. Galvanized steel may be used as a cheap alternative as last choice.
The equipment include:
a. Low speed mixer of about 200 – 300rpm. (manual or motorized)
b. Strong tanks
c. Measuring Device (cylinder, scale, etc.)
d. Filling unit (manual or automated)
e. Labeling device (manual or automated)
f. Personal protective gadgets (P.P.G)
g. Laboratory testing instruments.
PACKAGING MATERIALS REQUIREMENTS
The products are best packed in plastic bottles with inner seal. These
bottles are neatly labeled and packed in cartons of corrugated board or
film laminates. Labels must carry brand names, manufacturer, location,
batch numbers, NAFDAC registration numbers (if any) and other
information that can help sell the products.
Glass and metal bottles are alternative packaging materials but they are
very expensive and bulky. Take the route of packaging that the market
will pay you more. Products must carry user’s precautions.
PRODUCTION PROCESS
1. Formulations:
1. Nail paint remover: 20 litres batch
a. Acetone - 14litres
M.E.K. - 5litres
Glycerine - 1litre
Colour - Q.S. (Optional)
Perfume - Q.S. (Optional)
20 LITRES b. Acetone - 19 litres
Glycerine - 1 litre
20 litres c. M.E.K. or Ethyl Acetate - 19litres
Glycerine - 1 litre
20LITRESNOTE: Colours and perfumes may be added in b and c as required.
d. Acetone - 18litres Clean water - 2 litres
20LITRESNote: This can also be coloured and perfumed. It is the cheaper and the lowest grade of nail polish remover in the market today.
II Nail Glue Remover (20 litres Batch)
a. Butyl Glycol 15litres
Butyl Acetate 5litres
20 LITRES b. Ethyl Acetate 10litres
Butyl Acetate 10litres 20LITRES c. Butyl Glycol or B. Acetate 15litres
M.E.K. 5litres 20LITRESNote: All the formulations can be coloured and perfumed as desired (Q.S). Q.S. Means sufficient quantity as required.
M.E.K. Mean’s methylethylketone.
PRODUCTION METHOD: This is a simple mixing process. Measure out all the materials needed in the formulation (except colour and perfume) and place in the mixer and mix for about 10 – 15 minutes if batch is up to and above 100litres. For batches below 100litres mixing can be ok within 5minutes. After the initial mixing, add the colour and perfume then mix for another 2 – 3 minutes and test the product and pack if ok.
QUALITY PARAMETERS
1. Product must clean nail and other domestic paints within 1 – 2 minutes of application.
2. The product must dry off within 2 – 3minutes after usage.
3. The nail glue remover should dissolve the glue without damaging the artificial nail.
4. It should also clean nail paints.
5. Odours of both products should not be offensive.
INSECT REPELLANT CREAM
INTRODUCTION:
It is a cream that contain insect repellant compounds such as Permethrin, Camphor, DOP, or DBP.
SCOPE OF USAGE:
This cream finds us in areas where people are exposed to insect pests for a long time in an open area, such as farms, forests, gardens etc. Since there is no enclosure other insecticides cannot be effective.
It is a product that has found good use among security personnel, soldiers in the war front, police on patrol etc. Farmers, picnickers, surveyors, hunters etc on duty in the bush will find it very useful.
RAW MATERIALS REQUIREMENTS:
- Active ingredients. These includes Permethrin, Camphor, DOP, and DBP etc.
- Others are carriers or base, which include Cetyl Alcohol, Petroleum Jelly, and Paraffin Oil etc. No perfume is needed but colourant can be added.
EQUIPMENT/TOOL REQUIREMENTS:
- Boiler – mixer (manual or auto)
- Cooler or Chiller (optional)
- Filling Unit (optinal)
- Weighing scale or other devices
- Factory usual operating tools
- Protective wears such as hand gloves, boots, goggles, nose mask, overalls, etc.
PACKAGING MATERIALS REQUIREMENTS:
They include collapsible tubes, bottles, jars, can of plastic nature etc. The bottles can be packed in cartons or polythene films as desired. Labels must carry instructions for use.
PRODUCTION METHOD:
(a) FORMULATION:
Petroleum Jelly - 100 parts
Permethrin - 0.1 part
DBP or DOP - 0.5 part
Colour (optional) - Q.S.
Note: The active ingredients are not expected to be more than 0.3 – 0.6% unless prescribed by a medical personnel. Permethrin can replace DBP or DOP.
(b) MIXING:
Measure all the materials into the boiler mixer and melt. Mix as soon as fully melted and remove the heater. When fairly cool pack into the desired containers for use.
Note: Products in tubes are packed from the bottom and required a clip-sealer to seal the bottom of the tube.
QUALITY INDICATORS
1. It should not irritate the skin
2. It should repel common insects
3. It should be easy to spread
CIFAN
SHOE POLISH PRODUCTION
PRODUCTION PROCESS
a) Formulation: 50kg (litres) batch
Ingredients: Paste type Liquid Type
Petroleum jelly 5kg 2kg
Paraffin 10kg 3kg
Bee wax 5kg 5kg
Mineral oil 10litres 10litres
Vegetable oil (eg Soya) 5litres 12litres
DOP (Dioctylphhalate) 1.5litres 2litres
Ethyl acetate - 1litre
Colourant paste (oil) 10kg 10kg
Diesel or kerosene 3.5litres 5litres
TOTAL 50KG 50LITRES
NOTE: Diesel or kerosene can be in creased or reduced to get the desired viscosity.
PROCESSING:
- Place the mineral oil and vegetable oil in a boiler mixer and heat to about 600c. (or till hot, not boiling)
- Add the petroleum jelly and all the waxes and mix to melt while still on heating.
- Stop heating and add all other remaining materials in turn as mixing continue to blend very well.
- Cool to room temperature (about 40c) and pack as needed.
- If dyes are in use as colourant, reduce the quantity by half.
HOW TO MAKE CANDLE
INTRODUCTION: Candle is a stick of hard petroleum wax with a fabric thread imbedded inside. Candle is mainly used as source of light. However, some are coloured and scented for religious purpose.
The market for candle is large especially in developing countries like Nigeria, Cameroon, Uganda, Togo etc.
It is estimated that about 20 million sticks of candle are used daily in Nigeria. The market for candle is found more in the semi-urban areas where other sources of light are unreliable. As a alternative to electricity based light, torch, lanterns etc candle comes handy in many homes and religious places.
Raw Materials
The raw materials for candle production include:
1. Candle wax: It comes in slaps
2. Fabric wicks: It is a bye product of the textile industry.
3. Colourants: This must be oil type. However, it is not for white candle.
4. Scents: This can be perfumes needed for sacramental candles or insecticides that kill insects as candle burns (see formulation)
5. Ammonium chloride: This is needed to retard (slow down) the burning of the candle. It is also optional.
All the raw materials are available in our local chemical shops and stores. However, if you have any difficulty in getting any of them, just call 07032324199 for free assistance.
Equipment Tools
1) Candle mould: The major equipment for the candle making is the candle mould. It is easy to operate and the seller can demonstrate the use to the buyer. There are various sizes. Some make 100 sticks in about 30 minutes others can make as high as 200 sticks within that same time. Your choice usually should depend on your purse. A candle mould of capacity of 100 sticks should be about N80,000.00. it may be more or less depending on the exact source. (see sources of equipment).
2) Melting Tank: This is a small pot fitted with an electric heater. An improvised one can be a pot on a stove (or others). It is used to melt the candle wax for production.
3) Others are laddle, scale, personal protective gadgets like boots, mask, goggles, gloves, respirators, coveralls etc.
4) Laboratory Tools for testing hardness, rate of melting, life span etc. can be acquired if need be or quality control can be contracted to any public Analyst around.
5) A Plastic sealing machine may be needed.
Packaging materials: Transparent polythene films, labels and cartoons are now common. A look at what others are doing before a visit to a printer who will make packaging materials will be desirable. Brand names, manufacturer, contents are required by law on the packaging materials meant for display to the public. SON can be contacted where in doubt.
Space: A standard room can suffice for a cottage size production. Bigger scale will need bigger space.
Personnel: One trained hand with this manual for instance can operate two to four candle moulds depending on sizes.
PRODUCTION METHODS
A Formulations:
(i) White Candle: 100sticks
Candle Wax - 2-2.5kg
Ammonium chloride (optional)- 1 TSP
TOTAL - 100sticks
(ii) Coloured Candle
Candle Wax - 2-2.5kg
Ammonium chloride (optional) 1 TSP
Oil Colourant (E.g Red) - 1 TSP
TOTAL - 100sticks
(iii) Sacramental Candle
Candle Wax - 2-2.5kg
Ammonium chloride (optional) - 1 TSP
Colourant (optional) - 1 TSP
Scent (e.g. inserce) - 1 TSP
Total 100sticks
(iv) Insecticide Candle
Candle Wax - 2-2.5 kg
Pyrethrin - 1 – 2 TSP
TOTAL 100 Sticks
Notes: (a) TSP means table spoonful or 5g. (b) Colourant can be red, blue, green, yellow etc. (oil based only) (c) Insecticide can be pyrethrum permethrin, etc. this type is however registrable with NAFDAC. (d) The total number of sticks to be obtained from 2-2.5kg. Depends on the size of the cavities of the candle mould and therefore the size of the final candle. The supplier of the mould can guide. Ammonium chloride slows down the burning of the candle (It’s Optional).
PROCESSING METHOD
(1) Set up the candle mould with the threads in each cavity of the mould (ask the supplier).
(2) Lower the spindle of the mould to make the cavity empty
(3) Place the candle wax on the melting pot.
(4) Heat the pot to melt the candle wax
(5) When the wax is fully melted, add any additional material needed as the case may be in the various formulations, mixed well in the pot and pour the molten mixture into the cavities of the candle mould.
(6) Each cavity must be filled. If there is any left over keeping for next batch. (There is no waste).
(7) Allow the molten wax to solidify in the cavity for about 15-20 minutes.
(8) Raise the spindle of the mould to release the candle sticks.
(9) Cut each thread from the bottom and collect the candles.
Note:
· Each formulation above must be operated (used) separately.
· To use scent (perfumes) add the perfumes as soon as the candle wax is melted but turn of the heat before adding the scent (perfumes). And as soon as the perfume is added mix and pour into the cavity to solidify.
· Some candle moulds carry water circulating system to bring about a faster cooling of the candle. This should be preferred if available.
· Depending on the size of the cavities of the mould 2-2.5kg may give 100 sticks or more.
QUALITY PARAMETERS
1. Use candle grade (candle) wax.
2. Use clean threads.
3. Seek expert advice when in doubt.
